Quantum switch protocol minimizes memory for entanglement distribution
Entanglement Distribution in Quantum Switch Networks: Memory Limits and Achievability
Information TheoryNetworking and Internet Architecture
Summary
Distributing entangled quantum states among multiple users is tricky because connections succeed at different times and quantum information must be stored temporarily. The authors study how to reduce the amount of memory needed inside a central quantum switch that helps connect users. They develop an efficient method to process entangled links as they arrive, using fewer memory qubits than previous methods. This makes quantum networking more practical by lowering the memory resources required.
What this means in practice
- •For quantum network engineers: Reduce memory requirements in quantum switches while distributing entanglement across multiple users efficiently.
- •For quantum hardware designers: Use the efficient stabilizer-transition method to optimize the number of quantum emitters needed for sequential graph-state generation.
Authors
Lei Hu, Alptug Aytekin, Stavros Mitrolaris, Mohamed Nomeir, Subhankar Banerjee, Sennur Ulukus, Saikat Guha
Abstract
We study the minimum persistent memory required to distribute a graph state through a quantum switch. Specifically, consider a central switch that assists $n$ remote users in distributing a graph state, using independently generated user-switch Bell pairs. Since Bell-pair generation is probabilistic, different links generally succeed at different times. When a Bell-pair is generated, the qubits may need to be stored in memory while waiting for other links to succeed. Recently, new protocols have been proposed to reduce this storage overhead by processing and releasing some switch qubits before all Bell links are available. However, these protocols do not characterize the minimum persistent switch memory required at each stage. Moreover, the local-cover method in the state-of-the-art Piecemaker protocol is computationally expensive for general target graphs. In this work, we characterize the minimum persistent switch memory required after any subset of users' Bell links are generated and processed. We then develop an online stabilizer-transition protocol that attains this limit, which can be implemented in polynomial time in the number of qubits $n$. Remarkably, this optimal protocol can provide substantial memory reductions over existing heuristic approaches. In particular, for the path graph $P_n$ over $n$ users, Piecemaker protocol requires at least $\lfloor n/2\rfloor$ qubits of peak persistent memory for \textit{every Bell-links generation order}, whereas under the order $(1,2,\ldots,n)$, our protocol requires only one persistent switch qubit. Finally, the same stabilizer-transition framework also provides a direct forward construction for sequential graph-state generation using the minimum number of quantum emitters, equal to the maximum of the height function.