A Distributed Energy Relay Framework for Sustainable Drone Missions

Limited battery endurance remains a major obstacle to persistent UAV missions. Existing energy-replenishment approaches typically rely on battery-swapping/charging infrastructure or on ground vehicles with accessible road networks - assumptions that may not hold in infrastructure-less regions (ILRs) such as remote wilderness, mountainous terrain, and disaster-stricken areas. We formulate energy resupply in ILRs as a distinct logistics problem, in which energy itself must be projected into a region with no pre-existing infrastructure, and proposes a Distributed Energy Relay Framework that enables cooperative energy delivery using porter drones. The framework introduces a Transportation-by-Relay-and-Cache (TRC) mechanism, in which drones relay battery resources toward a mission location. Additional models are developed to characterize battery transportation capacity, relay amplification, energy-delivery capability, operational cost, and reliability. Based on these models, stations independently evaluate their delivery capability and submit bids to a mission coordinator, which selects an energy-delivery coalition that satisfies mission requirements while minimizing cost. Analytical evaluation illustrates the impact of battery characteristics and drone capabilities on energy projection and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework for sustaining UAV missions in ILRs.