Lower limb exoskeleton hip and ankle help cut walking energy nearly half
Subject-Specific Predictive Musculoskeletal Simulations of Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Assistance: Metabolic and Biomechanical Effects of Joint Assistance Strategies
Robotics
Summary
Walking with a lower-limb exoskeleton can save energy, but figuring out the best joints to assist is tricky. The authors used detailed computer models of six people to test where adding support helps most. They found that helping both the hip and ankle joints gives big energy savings, almost cutting the effort needed to walk in half. Assisting the knee joint adds less benefit and works differently, suggesting it needs more study.
What this means in practice
- •For exoskeleton designers: Identify which joints to target for assistive torques to maximize energy savings in wearable walking aids.
- •For physical rehabilitation engineers: Develop personalized exoskeleton assistance plans based on individual biomechanical and muscle strength differences.
Authors
Neethan Ratnakumar, Mariya Tohfafarosha, Xianlian Zhou
Abstract
Lower-limb exoskeletons have made considerable progress in reducing energy expenditure during walking. However, designing optimal assistance strategies remains challenging, particularly given inter-individual variability in anthropometry and biomechanics. This study explores energy-optimal lower-limb joint-assistance strategies using predictive simulations with musculoskeletal models. Subject-specific models of six able-bodied subjects, with BMI-based muscle strength scaling, were used in predictive simulations to generate gait at self-selected walking speeds. Ideal actuators were incorporated to simulate various combinations of joint assistance at peak levels of 25 Nm and 50 Nm to examine the effects of assistance on gait and metabolic savings. The effects of each assistance configuration were assessed through cost of transport (COT), joint kinematics, muscle activations, assistive torques, and joint-level power metrics to characterize the biomechanical and energetic impacts of different assistance strategies. At 50 Nm, combined H+K+A (hip-knee-ankle) assistance resulted in the greatest mean COT reduction of 48.50 +/- 4.55%, with individual reductions ranging from 42.22% to 54.65% across the subjects. Among single-joint conditions, assisting the hip was most effective, reducing COT by 31.77 +/- 5.21%; the knee and ankle produced smaller, comparable reductions (19.17% and 17.02%). H+A (hip-ankle) assistance (44.60 +/- 7.08%) emerged as the most effective two-joint assistive configuration. Increasing the torque bound increased positive assistive power primarily at the hip and ankle, while knee assistance showed little sensitivity and delivered positive power near pre-swing. These results support H+A assistance as an efficient two-actuator target, while identifying the knee's atypical pre-swing power strategy as a candidate for targeted experimental validation.