Active Hemispherical Metasurface Transmitarray Antenna for Wide-Angle 3D Beam Steering and Target Tracking
2026-08-10 • Networking and Internet Architecture
Networking and Internet Architecture
AI summaryⓘ
The authors designed a special antenna made of layers of graphene shaped like a dome that works at very high frequencies (250 GHz). They created a computer program to build this complex antenna with 121 small sections that can be controlled individually using voltage. Their results show the antenna can steer its signal beam widely in all directions while keeping good signal quality and efficiency. This makes it useful for tracking moving objects. The antenna also works well over a broad range of frequencies and maintains stable performance despite small flaws.
graphene-based antennatransmitarraybeam steeringterahertz frequencyCST Studio Suitedirectivityside lobe levelimpedance matchingantenna efficiencymoving-target tracking
Authors
Somayeh Komeylian, Christopher Paolini
Abstract
A stacked multilayer hemispherical graphene-based transmitarray antenna operating at 250 GHz is developed to achieve wide-angle 3D beam steering. This work presents the first fully automated CST Studio Suite macro for constructing the multilayer hemispherical geometry and configuring 121 independently tunable graphene sectors. Numerical results confirm that the integration of voltage-controlled graphene sectors with FCC gold patches enables wide-angle beam steering, achieving an elevation scanning range of -78° to 78° in θ and full 360° azimuthal coverage while maintaining stable radiation characteristics and broadband impedance matching (|S11| < -10 dB) with a relative bandwidth of 40%. The antenna achieves a directivity range of 11.38 - 14.72 dBi and an SLL range of -6.8 to -9.8 dB across all investigated steering directions. It also maintains high antenna efficiencies from 71% to 80% with a 5% degradation due to imperfections across the entire scanning range, making it a promising candidate in practical moving-target-tracking applications.