Characterizing In-the-Wild Personal Listening Device Use to Inform Earable Application Design
2026-07-27 • Human-Computer Interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
AI summaryⓘ
The authors studied how people actually use personal listening devices (PLDs) like headphones by combining a survey and several years of usage data from Apple Health. They found that daily headphone use increased from 37 to 64 minutes between 2020 and 2024, but listening happens in short bursts, not continuously, with fewer but longer sessions on weekends. Younger adults tend to listen at higher volumes, though extreme loudness is rare. The authors suggest that ear-worn device designs should consider these patterns and personal traits for better health and user experience.
personal listening devicesear-worn devicesaudio exposureApple Healthsafe listeningpsychological traitssensation seekingwearable computingusage patternscontext awareness
Authors
Supraja Ramesh, Jonas Hummel, Silvia Becker, Christopher Clarke, Jake Stuchbury-Wass, Kai Kunze, Axel Loewe, Michael Beigl, Tobias Röddiger
Abstract
Ear-worn devices are evolving from audio-playback tools into sensing platforms for health, interaction, and context-awareness. Yet, earable systems are typically designed and evaluated under strong assumptions about how long, how often, and in which situations people actually wear personal listening devices (PLDs). To ground these assumptions in-the-wild behavior, we combine a survey of 330 adults with multi-year, passively logged headphone audio-exposure records donated via Apple Health by 90 of them. We characterize where and when people use PLDs, how logged use has changed in recent years, and how psychological traits and social context associate with PLD usage. Our results show that logged mean daily use has increased from 37 minutes in 2020 to 64 minutes in 2024. Listening was intermittent: no listening was logged on 48% of participant-days in 2024, and sessions were fewer but longer on weekends. Sensation seeking, particularly disinhibition, showed small to medium positive associations with self-reported PLD use. Younger adults listened at higher volumes than the 25-34 group. High-volume exposure was uncommon, with only 4% of participant-weeks exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) safe-listening limits. Finally, most participants also reported avoiding PLD use in social situations. We translate these findings into implications for earable computing: realistic expectations of intermittent rather than continuous wear, contextual coverage that anticipates systematic gaps, targeted safe-listening interventions, and personalization grounded in psychosocial and demographic profiles rather than assumptions of uniform use.