From OSS to Open Source AI: an Exploratory Study of Collaborative Development Paradigm Divergence
2026-04-10 • Software Engineering
Software EngineeringHuman-Computer Interaction
AI summaryⓘ
The authors studied how open-source AI models (OSM) are developed differently from traditional open source software (OSS). They analyzed over a million projects from GitHub and HF Hub and found that OSM projects tend to have less teamwork, fewer direct contributions, but still share knowledge fairly openly. Instead of improving the models together, users mainly adapt and reuse existing AI models. The authors also conducted interviews to understand why these differences happen, helping to suggest better ways to collaborate in AI development.
open source softwareAI modelscollaboration intensityGitHubHugging Face Hubuser innovationsocial network analysisknowledge exchangesemi-structured interviews
Authors
Hengzhi Ye, Minghui Zhou
Abstract
AI development is embracing open-source paradigm, but the fundamental distinction between AI models and traditional software artifacts may lead to a divergent open-source development paradigm with different collaborative practices, which remains unexplored. We therefore bridge the knowledge gap by quantifying and characterizing the differences in the collaborative development paradigms of traditional open source software (OSS) and open source AI models (OSM), and investigating the underlying factors that may drive these distinctions. We collect 1,428,792 OSS repositories from GitHub and 1,440,527 OSM repositories from HF Hub, and conduct comprehensive statistical, social network and content analyses to measure and understand the differences in collaboration intensity, collaboration openness, and user innovation across the two development paradigms, complementing these quantitative results with semi-structured interviews. In consequence, we find that compared to OSS development paradigm, the OSM development paradigm exhibits significantly lower collaboration intensity; lower collaboration openness regarding direct contribution while persisting relatively open knowledge exchange; and a divergence toward adaptive utilization user-innovation rather than collaborative improvement. Through semi-structured interviews, we further elucidate the socio-technical factors underlying these differences. These findings reveal the paradigmatic divergence in open source development between traditional OSS and OSM across three critical dimensions of open source collaboration and potential underlying factors, shedding light on how to improve collaborative work techniques and practices within the context of AI development.