A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Automatic Speech Recognition Bias in Newcastle English
2026-03-25 • Computation and Language
Computation and LanguageArtificial IntelligenceComputer Vision and Pattern RecognitionSound
AI summaryⓘ
The authors studied why automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems make more mistakes with the Newcastle English dialect, which differs from the accents these systems are usually trained on. By analyzing over 3,000 errors from a commercial ASR using spontaneous speech data, they found many mistakes come from specific dialect features like vowel sounds, local words, and grammar. They also noticed that errors happen more for men and people at the youngest and oldest ages. The authors suggest that understanding social and linguistic differences is important to make fairer and more accurate speech recognition tools.
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)Dialectal variationNewcastle EnglishPhonological variationGlottalisationSociolinguisticsSpeech corpusTranscription errorsVowel qualitySocioeconomic status
Authors
Dana Serditova, Kevin Tang
Abstract
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems are widely used in everyday communication, education, healthcare, and industry, yet their performance remains uneven across speakers, particularly when dialectal variation diverges from the mainstream accents represented in training data. This study investigates ASR bias through a sociolinguistic analysis of Newcastle English, a regional variety of North-East England that has been shown to challenge current speech recognition technologies. Using spontaneous speech from the Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (DECTE), we evaluate the output of a state-of-the-art commercial ASR system and conduct a fine-grained analysis of more than 3,000 transcription errors. Errors are classified by linguistic domain and examined in relation to social variables including gender, age, and socioeconomic status. In addition, an acoustic case study of selected vowel features demonstrates how gradient phonetic variation contributes directly to misrecognition. The results show that phonological variation accounts for the majority of errors, with recurrent failures linked to dialect-specific features like vowel quality and glottalisation, as well as local vocabulary and non-standard grammatical forms. Error rates also vary across social groups, with higher error frequencies observed for men and for speakers at the extremes of the age spectrum. These findings indicate that ASR errors are not random but socially patterned and can be explained from a sociolinguistic perspective. Thus, the study demonstrates the importance of incorporating sociolinguistic expertise into the evaluation and development of speech technologies and argues that more equitable ASR systems require explicit attention to dialectal variation and community-based speech data.