A Visual Grounding Benchmark for Retinal OCT with Multimodal Large Language Models
Abstract: Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can answer clinical questions about medical images, but trustworthy use requires visual grounding: models should localize the pathology they report rather than rely on spurious shortcuts. Whether MLLMs can visually ground clinical findings in retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT), the most widely used imaging modality in ophthalmology, remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we introduce RetinaGroundBench, the first benchmark for biomarker visual grounding in retinal OCT. It comprises 815 B-scans exhaustively annotated by ophthalmologists with 4,537 bounding boxes covering 13 biomarkers across 8 diseases. Because MLLMs often fragment a single lesion into multiple partial predictions, we propose AggIoU, a metric that evaluates whether the union of overlapping predicted boxes covers the annotated region. Across 27 open-source MLLMs (0.8-38B parameters), we find that visual grounding remains largely unsolved: the best general-purpose model achieves a macro F1 of just 23.7%, with consistently low recall, despite reaching up to 73% balanced accuracy on biomarker presence questions. To narrow this gap, we developed RetGrounder, an MLLM fine-tuned using an OCT-specific strategy integrating grounding and textual information. Despite its relatively small size (8B), RetGrounder improves grounding F1 to 33.9%, a 43% relative improvement. Our benchmark provides a reference point for measuring progress in the field of OCT diagnosis with MLLMs.