Clinician-AI Collaboration in Endovascular Neurointerventions: In-Vitro User Study of Copilot Assistance Modes for Robotic Navigation Across the Autonomy Spectrum
Abstract: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke, yet access remains limited by the availability of neurointerventional expertise. Telerobotic and AI-assisted systems may help address this challenge, but it remains unclear how clinicians interact with different levels of autonomy and how autonomous navigation systems perform in realistic environments. This work introduces Copilot Assistance Modes (CAMs), a framework for clinician-AI collaboration in robotic endovascular navigation spanning the autonomy spectrum from manual operation to full autonomy. In the first in-vitro user study comparing clinician-AI collaboration strategies, 11 experts and two students evaluated six navigation modes in a patient-specific vascular phantom. Objective performance metrics were combined with subjective assessments, including workload and usability. Autonomous performance was additionally evaluated both in silico and in vitro to investigate sim-to-real transfer. Hands-on manual navigation achieved the strongest overall performance (100% success). While fully autonomous navigation achieved 81% success in simulation, performance dropped to 23% in vitro. In contrast, several clinician-AI shared-autonomy modes achieved success rates of 92-97%, approximately four times higher than full autonomy and comparable to direct robotic control (95%), demonstrating mitigation of sim-to-real domain shift through clinician-AI collaboration. Among the evaluated AI-driven approaches, user-directed task delegation and rotational shared control demonstrated the most favorable balance between performance and clinician acceptance. These findings suggest that effective clinician-AI collaboration and allocation of control authority may currently be more important for reliable robotic neurointerventional navigation than increasing autonomy alone.