Papers for
enterprise automation engineers
Papers whose findings have a practical use for this group, as judged from the abstract. Open a paper to read what it means in practice.
Financial document recognition assessed with risk limits and error focus
Risk-Constrained Evaluation of Financial Document Recognition: A Formal Framework for Evidence, Critical Errors, and Selective Automation
Abstract: Financial document recognition is commonly evaluated using character and word error rates, which do not adequately represent the consequences of errors in financial workflows. This paper formalizes financial document recognition as a risk-constrained evidence-recovery problem. It defines typed, evidence-linked financial facts and a multi-layer quality model spanning text, layout, tables, fields, semantic relations, calibration, robustness, and operational performance. It introduces non-compensatory acceptance gates based on upper confidence bounds for critical-field errors, and formulates selective automation as a constrained risk-coverage problem with review-capacity limits. The paper also specifies annotation requirements, leakage-resistant benchmark splits, statistical estimands, and a reproducibility card. Formal propositions establish why aggregate scores cannot certify critical-field reliability and why zero observed errors do not imply zero risk. A synthetic example illustrates the decision rule. The work is theoretical; no empirical benchmark or model performance claim is presented.
Simple agentic retrieval aids customer support workflow automation
Frustratingly Easy Agentic RAG via Portable Skills: A Case Study in Customer Support
Abstract: Enterprise workflow automation typically requires retrieving a complete and accurate set of relevant information from large operational document corpora (SOPs, policy documents) given a specific scenario or request. In customer support (CS), for example, human specialists must determine the correct sequence of resolution steps for each case, a task that demands precise grounding in policy documentation. Meeting this bar in production typically requires complex document chunking, indexing, and retrieval pipelines, often layered with learned re-rankers, query rewriters, and bespoke agentic RAG infrastructure. We report a deployment case study of a simpler alternative: a portable skill consisting of a natural-language instruction, lightweight tools (a retrieval API, format-checking scripts), and a corpus enriched with an LLM-generated navigation layer, which is a structured "Wikipedia-style" index over the underlying documents. This agentic RAG approach is straightforward to implement (1-2 engineer days), portable across capable agentic harnesses (e.g., Claude Code), and performs strongly on the challenging task of CS resolution workflow generation, achieving 99.2% procedural equivalence to human-approved ground truth and 83.3% evidence sufficiency. It is also roughly an order of magnitude slower per case than our deployed production assistant (~90 s vs. ~8-9 s), so we claim no latency advantage. Our claim is scoped to that setting: a mature, well-curated corpus, a latency-tolerant workflow, and human review of every case. There, the skill did the work of a complex RAG stack, and maintenance became a matter of editing text and data rather than retraining models.