Advisor, Co-pilot, or Guardian? AI Role Framing and Human Decision Behavior in Automated Vehicle Takeovers
Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has gradually been integrated into automated vehicles. However, how this technology could systematically support takeover transitions in SAE Level 3 automated vehicles remains unknown, even though this level may remain a major form of driving automation in the near future. To address this, we implemented the three AI roles proposed by the triadic Human-AI collaboration framework (Advisor, Co-pilot, and Guardian) as potential authority-ability configurations for AI agents within an automated system. We then examined their interactions with explanation type (why and action) and directional semantics (ipsilateral and contralateral) in an automated driving simulator study with 24 participants. Results showed that, across the three AI roles, Advisor had the shortest decision-making time, followed by Guardian and Co-pilot. Advisor and Guardian were associated with higher decision-making accuracy and higher satisfaction ratings than Co-pilot. Guardian was associated with the lowest workload, followed by Advisor and Co-pilot. The effect of explanation type on decision-making time depended on AI role. Action explanations were faster under Advisor, whereas why explanations were faster under Co-pilot. For directional semantics, ipsilateral semantics were associated with shorter decision-making time than contralateral semantics. Overall, these findings provide preliminary guidance for designing AI-role authority-ability configurations and their associated speech-based takeover messages.