A Valid Watermark Is Not a Valid Identity: Spatial-Spectral Adversarial Face Evasion with Watermark Preservation
Abstract: Facial image watermarking can support traceability and certification in biometric pipelines, but provenance or manipulation detection alone does not guarantee reliable biometric identity. We introduce a watermark-preserving face evasion attack that targets this gap under a black-box watermarking setting, without access to the watermarking components. The proposed PGD-L_2 attack guides adversarial perturbations with spatial and spectral preservation terms to reduce face-recognition similarity while limiting pixel-level distortion and high-frequency changes that may interfere with hidden watermark cues. Evaluated on controlled facial images with two watermarking schemes, two face-recognition models, and two datasets, the attack achieves evasion rates above 92% at operational thresholds while preserving watermark recovery above 93% for StegaFormer and above 99.7% for FaceSigns, with visual quality above 47dB PSNR at epsilon_2=2.0. These results expose a structural gap in watermark-based facial certification: a face image can remain watermark-valid and visually faithful while becoming biometrically unreliable.